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- In article <lqpospINNr13@cash.cs.utexas.edu> kkwast@cs.utexas.edu (Kevin Kwast) writes:
-
- >I need to know the bunk on the pros and cons of inhaling nitrous.. I have a
- >group of friends who occasionally have some fun with a big tank we get filled
- >locally, but there have been a few questions about the health risks involved
- >with this...
-
- I've been meaning to write up a FAQ about this and have done some
- preparatory reading, so I'll take a shot at a first-pass answer:
-
- First, there are the dangers which accompany the inhalation of any
- compressed gas (making sure you get enough air, making sure you don't freeze
- your lips or inflate your head, making sure you are sitting down and
- won't hurt yourself if you get dizzy).
-
- Second, there are the health effects specific to nitrous oxide. There have
- been reports of immunological and reproductive disturbances in professionals
- who are chronically exposed to nitrous oxide. The immunological
- disturbances are documented by Peric et al (1991) _Anaethesia_ 46: 531-7.
- Apparently anaesthetic personnel had been complaining about
- weakness and recurrent infections and decreased peripheral blood
- leukocyte counts has been found. The operating rooms were found to
- be improperly ventilated, causing nitrous oxide and halothane (another
- anaesthetic) to remain in the air. Even after a 3-4 week holiday,
- some personnel has decreased B lymphocytes and increased red cell count,
- haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit and other disturbances.
- I don't have a reference handy for the reproductive disturbances, but the
- study basically found that women who were chronically exposed to
- nitrous had difficulty becoming pregnant. It should be noted that these
- health effects are the result of CHRONIC exposure; a single balloon at
- a Dead show (or a single visit to the dentist) is unlikely to be a problem
- for a healthy individual.
-
- Aside from its psychopharmacological actions, nitrous oxide has one other
- (known) significant metabolic action: it interacts with vitamin B12. This
- was first reported in an in vitro study in 1968, but didn't really
- receive notice from anaesthesiologists until ten years later (because
- medline didn't exist yet :-) ). In 1978, however, Amess et al showed that
- 24 h of nitrous oxide administration caused interference with DNA
- synthesis in humans. Since then, the interaction between nitrous oxide
- and B12 has been better characterized.
-
- Basically, B12 is a bound coenzyme of methionine synthase and has a
- tetrapyrrole rings with a monovalent cobalt at the center. The cobalt
- functions as a methyl carrier in a transmethylation reaction. Nitrous
- oxide converts the cobalt from the monovalent form to the bivalent
- form. As a result, methionine synthase activity is inhibited. Recovery
- is believed to require absorption of new unoxidized B12 (and synthesis
- of new apoenzyme).
-
- Humans seem to be far more resistant to complications from this than rodents.
- I don't have the energy to go through the various published studies at
- this point, so I will quote from Nunn's "Clinical Aspects of the Interaction
- Between Nitrous Oxide and Vitamin B12" (1987), _Br. J. Anaesth._ 59: 3-13.
-
- It seems likely that in man, in contrast to the rat, exposure
- of less than 30 minutes will not cause any measurable change in
- methionine synthase activity. In combination with a wealth of
- clinical experience, this suggests that there is no special
- hazard for short exposures to nitrous oxide. There is a variable
- response to exposures lasting between 30 minutes and 2 h. However,
- it now seems likely that exposures of more than 2 h are likely
- to cause intereference with hepatic methionine synthase
- activity. The paucity of human data makes it more difficult to
- say how long an exposure is required to cause significant
- intereference with DNA synthesis. It is likely that there will
- be considerable individual variation and results obtained in
- healthy patients cannot be extrapolated to the patient
- who is seriously ill. Nevertheless, it seems likely that,
- once methionine synthase activity is inhibited, it will remain
- so for days.
-
- With respect to repeated exposures to nitrous, be aware that this effect
- can build up (Nunn gives "intervals of less than 3 days" as a cut-off).
- So, go easy on the "hippie crack," people!
-
- Mandatory nitrous horror story: Layzer (in (1978) "Myeloneuropathy after
- prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide," _Lancet_ 2:1227) reports a case of
- 15 people who had been inhaling nitrous oxide for long periods of time
- and developed a condition resembling subacture combined degneration of
- the cord, whatever that means.
-
- I would suggest that the following types of people in particular avoid
- exposure to signficant amounts of nitrous:
-
- Pregnant women: since nitrous oxide is a known teratogen in rodents,
- acting by depleting folates and partially reversible by oral
- folinic acid, we can expect a similar syndrome in humans.
-
- Vegans who don't take B12 supplements: although documented cases of
- vegans with B12 decifiencies are scarce, theories on nutrition
- indicate that vegans are unlikely to get as much B12 as other
- groups of people.
-
- Individiduals with healing wounds, infections, or immunological
- disorders: I'm throwing this recommendation in based on a "better
- safe than sorry" policy. Short-term exposure to nitrous oxide
- is unlikely to be a problem, but why not play it safe?
-
- And BTW I did find a reference on sexual ideation during nitrous oxide,
- which is a topic that came up some time ago. More on that when I actually
- get the article.
-
- --Matt Baggott, bagg@midway.uchicago.edu
-
- >--
- > kkwast@cs.utexas.edu (Kevin A. Kwast) "The computer is your friend."
-
- ============================================================================
-
- From: shirriff@sprite.berkeley.edu (Ken Shirriff)
- Newsgroups: alt.drugs
- Subject: Re: nitrous oxide
- Date: 15 May 1993 01:14:22 GMT
- Message-ID: <1t1g5e$ci5@agate.berkeley.edu>
-
- In article <199312.4616.30249@dosgate> "steve szuster" <steve.szuster@canrem.com> writes:
- > Why whipped cream??? (Nitrous in w/c?)
-
- That's an interesting question. The reason why nitrous oxide is used as
- a propellant is that it dissolves in the liquid cream. When the cream
- escapes from the can, the gas expands and in doing so whips the cream into a
- foam. (This explanation is from the book "Food Science".)
-
- Now, the interesting part is that nitrous oxide is an inhalation anesthetic
- because it dissolves in synaptic lipid membranes. So it's not a coincidence
- that nitrous oxide is a whipped cream propellant and an inhalation
- anesthetic: nitrous oxide dissolves in fatty cream and it also dissolves in
- fatty cell membranes.
-
- Lots of things work as inhalation anesthetics; the better they dissolve in
- the lipid membranes, the lower the pressure required. This is why spot
- removers like ether and chloroform work as anesthetics in low concentration.
- At high enough pressure, even nitrogen will dissolve in membranes; this causes
- nitrogen narcosis in divers. Even an inert gas like argon will work as an
- anesthetic since it will dissolve in membranes under enough pressure.
- This is also why people sniff fat-soluble gases like propane and freon to
- get high.
-
- Ken Shirriff shirriff@sprite.Berkeley.EDU
-
- ============================================================================
-
- Date: 19 Apr 1993 16:21:56 -0500 (EST)
- From: Jonathan <JKAMIEN@UVMVM.BITNET>
- Subject: Re: nitrous oxide
- Sender: ALCOHOL & DRUG STUDIES <ALCOHOL@LMUACAD.BITNET>
- To: Multiple recipients of list ALCOHOL <ALCOHOL@LMUACAD.BITNET>
- Message-id: <01GX73PA3MHU8WYFKC@YMIR.CLAREMONT.EDU>
-
- Two references about nitrous oxide that may help:
-
- Gillman, M.A. Nitrous oxide abuse in perspective
- Clinical Neuropharmacol. 1992, 15:297-306
-
- Dohrn, C.S., Lichtor, J.L., Finn, R.S., Uitvlugt, A., Coalson, D.W.,
- Rupani, G., de Wit, H. and Zacny, J.P. Subjective and psychomotor
- effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers Behavioural Pharmacology
- 1992,3:19-30
-